# How To Write Roman Numerals?: Rules, Examples, Calculator

An online tool that displays the Roman numeral for a given number is the Roman Numeral Calculator. With STUDYQUERIES’ online roman numeral calculator, the calculation is faster, and the roman numeral is displayed in a fraction of a second.

## How to Use the Roman Numeral Calculator?

The procedure for using the roman numeral calculator is as follows:

• Step 1: Enter the number into the appropriate input field.
• Step 2: Click on “Solve” to obtain the solution.
• Step 3: The Roman numeral for the given number will be displayed in the output field.

## What are Roman Numerals?

Roman numerals are a system of writing numbers that originated in ancient Rome and remained popular throughout Europe quite a few centuries later. In this system, numbers are represented by combinations of letters from the Latin alphabet. There are seven symbols, each with a fixed numerical value:

Symbol: I, V, X, L, C, D, M

Value: 1, 5, 10, 50, 100, 500, 1000

Despite the decline of the Roman Empire, Roman numerals were widely used. In the 14th century, Arabic numerals began to replace Roman numerals; however, the process was gradual, and Roman numerals are still used in some applications to this day.

Clock faces are commonplace to find them. On the clock of Big Ben (designed in 1852), the hours from 1 to 12 are written as follows:

I, II, III, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII, IX, X, XI, XII

Despite the tradition of representing “4” as “IIII” on Roman numeral clocks, the notations IV and IX can be read as “one less than five” (4) and “one less than ten” (9).

On movie and television titles, year numbers are used on monuments and buildings, and copyright dates appear on monuments and buildings. MCM stands for “a thousand and a hundred less than another thousand”, so 1912 is written as MCMXII. Since this is the first century of the 21st century, MM represents 2000. We are now in the year MMXXI (2021).

## Roman Numerals Chart

Below is a chart of roman numerals that shows the roman numerals from 1 to 1000, such as 1, 2, 3, …, 10, 11, 20, 30, 50, 100, 500, and 1000. The chart allows us to easily write roman numbers from 1 to 1000.

### Roman Numerals 1 to 100

Following is the list of Roman numerals or Roman numbers from 1 to 100. There are certain rules to write the roman letters from 1 to 100, which are explained here.

### Roman Numerals 100 to 1000

By practicing the above list, you will be able to find the list of roman numerals from 100 to 1000 as well.

## Roman Letters

There are both roman and non-roman alphabets, but not all of them are roman alphabets. Out of 26 English alphabets, there are 23 roman alphabets. J, U, and W do not belong to the Roman alphabet. Roman alphabets consist of:

A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I, K, L, M, N, O, P, Q, R, S, T, V, X, Y, and Z. These roman letters are also called roman symbols. For example, the year 2019 is written as MMXIX.

### Rules to Write Roman Numerals

If we need to represent a number in roman numerals, we must follow certain rules. Listed below are those rules.

• Each time the symbol is repeated, its value is added to itself. (Eg. II – 2, XX – 20 and XXX – 30)
• Symbols can only be repeated three times, for example XXX = 30, CC = 200, etc.
• The symbols V, L, and D are never repeated
• If a symbol of smaller value appears after a symbol of greater value, its values will be added. For Example- VI = V + I = 5 + 1 = 6
• Any symbol of a smaller value that appears before a symbol of a greater value will be subtracted. For Example- IX = X – I = 10 – 1 = 9
• There is no subtraction of V, L, and D, as they are not written before symbols of greater value
• Subtracting the symbol I from V and X and subtracting the symbol X from symbols L, M, and C is the only way to compute this expression

## Roman Numerals Conversion

A Roman numeral uses the codes C, D, I, L, M, V, X that have been written in a specific order (e.g. M’sM’s first, followed by D’sD’s, C’sC’s, etc.). Generally, subtractive notation is used to avoid four characters being duplicated in sequences, such as IIII or XXXX, as shown below.

If “I” is placed before V or X, it represents one less, then four is IV (one less than 5), and nine is IX (one less than 10)

X represents ten less than L or C, so 40 is XL (10 less than 50), and 90 is XC (10 less than 100).

A hundred less is represented by “C” before D or M; for example, 400 is CD (100 less than 500), and 900 is CM (100 less than 1000).

### Converting Roman Numerals to Numbers

Rule 1: If one or more symbols are placed after another letter of greater value, add that amount.

VII = 7 (5 + 2 = 7)

LXXX = 80 (50 + 10 + 10 + 10 = 80)

MCCC = 1300 (1000+100 + 100 + 100 = 1300)

Rule 2: If a symbol is placed before another letter of greater value, subtract that amount.

CM = 900 (1000 – 100 = 900)

IX = 9 ( 10 – 1 = 9 )

XC = 90 (100 – 10 = 90)

Rule 3: 1000 is replaced by a bar in the case of roman numerals

$$5000 -\bar{V}$$

$$10,000 -\bar{X}$$

$$50,000 -\bar{L}$$

$$100,000 – \bar{C}$$

$$500,000 – \bar{D}$$

$$1,000000 – \bar{M}$$

### Date In Roman Numerals Conversion

Roman numerals can be used to represent the date of the day. Taking the format of MM-DD-YYYY (Month-Day-Year), the date is MM-DD-YYYY (Month-Day-Year). 12-20-2019, for example, is written as XII-XX-MMXIX.

The 21st century can be written as shown in the following table.

• 2001 = MMI
• 2002 = MMII
• 2003 = MMIII
• 2004 = MMIV
• 2005 = MMV
• 2006 = MMVI
• 2007 = MMVII
• 2008 = MMVIII
• 2009 = MMIX
• 2010 = MMX and so on

### Solved Examples on Roman Numerals

Write 69 in roman numerals.

Solution: 69 = 60 + 9

= (50 + 10) + 9

= LX + IX

= LXIX

Convert 1984 into the roman numeral.

Solution: Split the number 1984 into 1000, 900, 80, and 4, then convert each number

As, 1000 + 900 + 80 + 4 = 1984

1000 = M

900 = CM

80 = LXXX

4 = IV

1000 + 900 + 80 + 4 = 1984,

So, 1984 = MCMLXXXIV

Convert 1774 to Roman Numerals.

Break 1774 into 1000, 700, 70, 4 and then do each conversion

1000 = M

700 = DCC

70 = LXX

4 = IV

1000+700+70+4 = 1774,

Hence, 1774 = MDCCLXXIV

### Practice Questions on Roman Numerals

1. In roman numeral form, what is 500?
2. Convert 1009 in roman numeral.
3. In the number form, convert CXII.
4. In roman numerals, how much is 11?
5. Write 6 in roman numeral
6. In roman numerals, write 12
7. In what number form does CMXXIII appear?

## FAQs

### What number is XXL?

A Roman numeral representing the number thirty (30).

### How much are 5000 Roman numerals?

For 5000 in Roman Numerals, we will write the Roman numeral ‘V’ with a vinculum or bar over it.

### Is the Roman numeral for 500?

In Roman numerals, 500 is represented by the letter ‘D’, so 500 = D.

### What is the highest Roman numeral?

The highest number allowed in ordered lists using Roman numerals is 3999.

### What comes after M in Roman numerals?

Roman numeral, any of the symbols used in a system of numerical notation based on the ancient Roman system. The symbols are I, V, X, L, C, D, and M, standing respectively for 1, 5, 10, 50, 100, 500, and 1,000 in the Hindu-Arabic numeral system.

### Why are Roman numeral clocks wrong?

If you’re making a clock where the numerals are cut from metal and affixed to the face, using IIII means you’ll need twenty I’s, four V’s, and four X’s. One more reason to use IIII is that it creates more visual symmetry with the VIII opposite it on the clock face than IV does.

### Did Romans use IIII or IV?

In the middle ages in Europe, IIII was generally used, not IV, to express the Roman numeral 4 until around the 17th century. In fact, you can see the notation IIII on mechanical turret clocks that were made before around the 17th century.

### What is Y in Roman numerals?

As a medieval Roman numeral, the symbol for 150, and with a line drawn above it (Y), 150,000.